What role does body language play in making oral presentation effective ?

Body language plays an important role in making oral presentation effective. A confident and positive language attract the listeners attention body and makes communication effective. Body language depends upon features such as, facial expressions, posture, body movements gestures, eye-contact and touch.
Facial expressions are the best guide to a person's feelings and level of confidence. They can communicate happiness, anger, surprise, embarassment, fear, indecision etc. Therefore, while making oral presentations one should also beforehand school one's face to show the appropriate and required reactions.
Posture is the physical appearance of a peron and can clearly indicate whether a person is relaxed, confident or insecure. Hunched shoulders and slouching can indicate insecurity while straight shoulders, erect and tall posture convey confidence. Proper posture enables one to make oral presentations forceful and compelling. It adds power to one's presentation.
Body movements and gestures are also an indication of one's level of confidence. Unnecessay use of hands, pacing around and jerky movements detract from the effect ofa presentation. Gestures and body movements should be carefully monitored so that they add to the presentation rather than drawing away the listener's attention. Eyecontact and touch are also significant aspects of body language. A straight Eyecontact indicates confdence. openness positive aproach. It adds to a positive body language and during oral presentations goes towards making it effective. Touch such as a firm handshake, y also gives a good greeting start to one's presentation.
Therefore, we can confidently say that a good, positive body language which gives out strong nibes goes along way towards making oal presentations efective. While speaking, one should communicate clearly, confdently in forceful tone so that the listener's attention does not stray.

An oral presentation's content and substance may be excellent but it may not be effective if it is poorly presented. A nervous, shy and insecure body language kills an oral presentation. The message is not conveyed properly and the meaning is lost.Therefore, one should practice and work towards a positive and confident body language if one has to make one's oral presentation efective.

Some important consideration to keep in mind while dealing with oral communication.

For effective oral communication one needs to keep certain considerations in mind.The essentials of oral communication are -
(i) The speaker should have clear pronunciation. Oral messages are liable to be misunderstood if the speaker does not articulate words properly or speak distinctly or speak with an accent, Therefore, it is essential that the speaker makes the correct sounds and stresses the exact syllables.
(ii) The message should be brief and concise. Verbal messages can be misunderstood if the speaker talks too much and rambles about the on concerned topic. There is danger of losing the listener's attention and the risk of being misunderstood. Therefore effective oral communication requires the speaker to be brief and concise and yet clear and complete. The speaker should neither talk too much nor talk too little.
(iii) The message or idea to be communicated should be well thought out carefully While communicating orally, it is carried and planned. easy get get away and also forget what one intends to It is essential therefore the say that speaker should prepare in advance, whatever he or she intends o communicate and verbalize his or her message in a logical, ordered sequence.
(iv) To communicate effectively, the speaker also have a good should vocabulary. The appropriate words should be used to convey the correct meaning. Inadequate or inappropriate vocabulary will give the listener incorrect and confusing meaning. A good vocabulay also holds the listener's attention and makes communication interesting. The speaker should also avoid using slang words and cliches while speaking.
(v) In oral communication, the tone of the speaker is as important as the words.There are three intonation patterns, viz. rising falling pitch and pitch, dividing pitch. It is imporant to use the correct pitch and capture the interest of the listener For example, ifa boss is scolding his subordinate but his is not tone authoritative enough the employee will not take the scolding seriously.
(vi) And lastly, for effective oral communication, the speaker should have self-confidence and should be able to speak with conviction. A speaker may have good ideas and rich vocabular, but if one lacks confidence, one will be unable to communicate effectively. Therefore, to listener convince the and put across one's ideas one needs to be full on confidence.
If one keeps the above-mentioned considerations in mind, oral If communication will become easy and effective.

What are Advantages and disadvantages of linked list ?

Advantages of linked list: Linked list have many advantages Some of them are as follows,
1) Linked list are dynamic data structure ie. they can grow or shink durng the progam execution.
2) Utilization of memory ::In linked list memory is not preallocated Memory is allocated as per requirement and it is deallocated when it is no longer needed.
3) The insertion and deletion opertions are easier and effective Linked list provides fexibility in inserting a data item at a specifed position and deletion of data item from the given position.
4) Many complex applications can be easily carried out with the help of linked list.

Disadvantages of linked list:
1) It requires more memory whenever the number of fields are more. so more memory space needed.
2) We cannot access any element directly For that we must start from  first node and traverse upto matching node.  So  it is little bit complicated and time consuming.

What is Noise ?

Undesired electical which are introduced with a message signal during the transmission,our processing of the latter. are called Noise.  Noise, is unwanted signal that corrupts desired message signal. ln general, noise may be predictable or unpredictable (random) in nature. The predictable noise can be estimated, and eliminated, by proper engineering design.  Some  examples of such noise are:power supply hum, oscillation in feedback amplifers, ignition radiation pick-up, radiation pickup generated by  electrical appliance,  and fluorescent lighting. The predictable noise,  generally is man-made and can be  reduced or eliminated.
Unpredictable noise varies randomly with time and, as such, we have no control over this noise. Identifications of the message signal at the receiver depends upon the amount of noise accompanied by the message during the process of communication.  In the absence of noise, identification of the message signal receiver is perfect.The amount of noise present in the received signal decides the minimum power level of the desired message signal at the transmitter.  The term noise is normally used to refer the unpredictable or random noise.

What is signal ?

The most fundamental function in electrical communications is the sinusoidal signal because,
1. The response of a sine wave to a linear time invariant system is also sinusoidal, i.e, if a sinusoidal signal is applied at the input of a linear system. The output waveform is also sinusoidal with the same frequency as the input, except for a constant transmission delay and gain (or attenuation)
2. The sinusoidal analysis of electrical networks is even more simple and convenient.
(The terms signal and function are interchangeably used as there is no difference between the two A function is defined as a set of rules which substitute one number for another. A "signal is a function of time and therefore, "signal" may be defined as a set of rules to assign a number f(t) for every number t, a time domain.
However, communication systems involve waveforms that are complex in nature, and it is desirable to resolve them in terms sinusoidal functions. Signal analysis is a tool for achieving this aim. signal analysis may be defined as the method of resolving a function in terms of an infinite series. The method suggested by J.B.J.Fourier for signal analysis povides the original of the theory of Fourier series and Fourier transform,

What is Generating code in Analysis and Design of algorithm ?

Generating code: After analysing the algorithm we move to next step i.e. writing the program of code.  Generating code means implement the program by using the languages such as c, c++, java, dot net, visual basic etc.

What is Analysis of algorithm ?

Analysis of algorithm: After deciding the strategy or technique to solve the given problem. we design the algorthm in detail. Analysis of an algorthm is nothing but the selection of proper and efficient algorithm which solution of given problem with respect to the time and space.The provides algorithm must be simple and easy to understand and execute. The algorithm must provide exact and corect solution in minimum time and with minimum memory use during the execution. In this step we concentrate on each part of algorithm. Here can calculate which we step part take time or extra memory space. According to the analysis we can modify that part more of instead of modifying whole algorithm.

How is Checking of an algorithm done ?

Checking of an algorithm: After deciding strategy or technique to solve problem and generate an algorithm. We first check that the algorithm is suitable for given problem i.e. in other words we check that the algorithm give desired result for the set of input. To check the algorithm with set of input we generally use techniques such as proof by contradiction, proof by direct method or direct proof, proof by contraposition, proof by counterexample, proofby mathematical induction. By using these techniques we check that algorithm provides correct solution or not. If not then make changes according to it.

What is Detailed design of an algorithm

Detailed design of an algorithm: This step is dependent on all previous steps and decides the techniques which we used to solve given problem and generates an algorithm. There are various method by using which we solve the given problems such as Brute force method, Divide and conquer method, dynamic progamming, Greedy approach, Backtracking. Optimization technique.

What Selection of proper data structure in Analysis and Design of Algorithm ?

Selection of proper data structure: This step is the step where we start to think about the progrm. The progrm is nothing but step by step instructions which is used to cary out particular task or to solve the given problem we create program only when we use some lgorthm in it. Some technique or some logic must be there with the proper data structure. when we choose proper data structure and eficient algonthm [Either exact algorithm or approximate algorithm] then result must be an efficient program with respect to time and space.

What is Abstraction ? (In object oriented technology)

Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or explanations. Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract attributes such as size, weight and cost, and function to operate on these attributes. They encapsulate all the essential properties of the objects that are to be created The attributes are sometimes called data members, because they hold information. The functions that operate on these data are sometimes called methods or member functions. Since the classes use the concept of data abstraction, they are known as use Abstract Data Types (ADT).
The of deciding what parts of a real world object are essential to process modeling the solution to a paricular problem is called abstaction. Abstraction is the representation of all the essential features of an object which means its possible states and behaviours. These are 'encapsulated' into an "abstract data type" which define how all objects in class (type) of object are to be represented and how they behave.
Abstraction is mechanism that enables the designer to focus on the a essential details of a program component with little concern for lower-level detail. Abstraction is a relative concept. As we move to higher levels of abstraction we ignore more and more details,  I.e. we give a more general look of a concept or item.